莎士比亚的作者文景简介

威廉·莎士比亚（英文：William Shakespeare，1564年4月－儒略历1616年4月23日或公历1616年5月3日，华人社会亦常尊称为莎翁），被许多人认为是英国文学史和戏剧史上最杰出的诗人和剧作家，也是西方文艺史上最杰出的作家之一，全世界卓越的剧作家之一。[1]他被誉为英国的民族诗人和「艾芬河的吟游诗人」（或直接称为「吟游诗人」）。他流传下来的作品包括38部剧本、154首十四行诗、两首长叙事诗和其他诗作。他的剧本被翻译成所有主要使用著的语言，并且表演次数远远超过其他任何剧作家。[2]
莎士比亚在雅芳河畔斯特拉特福出生长大，18岁时与安妮·哈瑟维结婚，两人共生育了三个孩子：苏珊娜、双胞胎哈姆内特和朱迪思。1585年到1592年期间莎士比亚在伦敦开始了成功的职业生涯，他不仅是演员、剧作家，还是宫内大臣剧团的合伙人之一，后来改名为国王剧团。1613年左右，莎士比亚似乎退休回到雅芳河畔斯特拉特福，3年后逝世。有关莎士比亚私人生活的记录流传下来很少，关於他的性倾向、宗教信仰、以及他的著作是否出自他人之手都依然是谜。[3]
1590年到1613年是莎士比亚的创作高峰期。他的早期剧本主要是喜剧和历史剧，在16世纪末期达到了深度和艺术性的高峰。接下来到1608年他主要创作悲剧，包括《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》和《马克白》，被认为属於英语最佳范例。在他人生最后阶段，他开始创作悲喜剧，又称为传奇剧，并与其他剧作家合作。在他有生之年，他的很多作品就以多种版本出版，质量和准确性参差不齐。1623年，他所在剧团两位同事出版了《第一对开本》，除两部作品外，目前已经被认可的莎士比亚作品均收录其中。
莎士比亚在世时被尊为诗人和剧作家，但直到19世纪他的声望才达到今日的高度。浪漫主义时期赞颂莎士比亚的才华，维多利亚时代象英雄一样地尊敬他，被萧伯纳称为莎士比亚崇拜。20世纪，他的作品常常被新学术运动改编并重新发现价值。他的作品直至今日依旧广受欢迎，在全球以不同文化和政治形式演出和诠释。

William Shakespeare (baptised 26 April 1564 – died 23 April 1616)[a] was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's preeminent dramatist.[1] He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon".[2][b] His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of 38 plays,[c] 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.[3]
Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, who bore him three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet and Judith. Between 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in London as an actor, writer, and part owner of a playing company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as the King's Men. He appears to have retired to Stratford around 1613, where he died three years later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive, and there has been considerable speculation about such matters as his physical appearance, sexuality, religious beliefs, and whether the works attributed to him were written by others.[4]
Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613.[5][d] His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the sixteenth century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights.
Many of his plays were published in editions of varying quality and accuracy during his lifetime. In 1623, two of his former theatrical colleagues published the First Folio, a collected edition of his dramatic works that included all but two of the plays now recognised as Shakespeare's.
Shakespeare was a respected poet and playwright in his own day, but his reputation did not rise to its present heights until the nineteenth century. The Romantics, in particular, acclaimed Shakespeare's genius, and the Victorians worshipped Shakespeare with a reverence that George Bernard Shaw called "bardolatry".[6] In the twentieth century, his work was repeatedly adopted and rediscovered by new movements in scholarship and performance. His plays remain highly popular today and are constantly studied, performed and reinterpreted in diverse cultural and political contexts throughout the world.

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